Firebending

"fire"

- Fire is the element of power.

Firebending, one of the four elemental bending arts, is the pyrokinetic ability to control fire. It is unique among the bending arts, as it is the only one for which the performer can spontaneously generate the element. Firebending is practiced by the people of the Fire Nation, as well as the lesser known Sun Warriors.

Fire is the element of power, consisting of overpowering force tempered by the unflinching will to accomplish tasks and desires. However, the recently militaristic Fire Nation twisted this into firebending being fueled by rage, hate, and anger. Firebending draws its power from the sun, and the first human firebenders derived their firebending techniques from the dragons.

Firebending is notable for its intensive attacking style and general lack of adequate defense moves, although some notable firebenders utilize creative defensive moves; for example, Jeong Jeong could create walls of fire, and Zuko was able to simultaneously block and shoot down incoming objects.

Origin


Firebending was originally learned from the sacred dragons that had once populated their land. The first people to learn from the dragons were the Sun Warriors. In the remains of their once great civilization, Zuko and Aang discovered that firebending represents energy and life, not rage and anger as the modern Fire Nation would have its citizens believe.

Firebenders draw their power from the sun and other solar objects, such as comets. A solar eclipse has the potential to completely negate a firebender's power, revealing a direct connection between the sun and firebending. Additionally, after defeating Katara at the rise of the sun, during the Siege of the North, Zuko stated that she rose with the moon, but he rose with the sun, further emphasizing and demonstrating the sun's importance to firebending. Firebenders are also said to draw power from volcanic energy and lightning, though this has never been seen.

Fighting style


Firebenders use their internal body heat as a source for their bending. This facet of firebending is a sharp contrast to the other bending arts, which manipulate already present sources of their element, though firebenders can also control or enhance flames nearby. Unlike other bending disciplines, firebending has few defensive moves aside from blocking and dodging, although master firebenders are able to create walls of fire to absorb incoming attacks or shoot down incoming projectiles.

Firebending uses concentrated barrages of fire to overwhelm opponents before striking a fatal blow. Swift, whirling kicks and punches generate diverse shapes for offensive attacks. This strategy is probably what makes firebending arguably the most suited to pro-bending out of all the bending arts. Firebending tactics and forms have required little modification for use in pro-bending, the most noticeable difference in the restriction on the use of prolonged fire streams. Nevertheless, quick flurries of kicks and punches allow a pro-bending firebender to retain excellent mobility around the arena while simultaneously trying to push back the members of the opposing team.

Circular motion also seems to be a crucial element to the skill as it seems to be a precession to "power up" and enhance the firebender's flames. When creating lightning, the firebenders often move their arms in slow, circular motions, similar to waterbenders but with more tension. As said before, firebenders often use whirling kicks or punches to create arcs, or just to power their bending.

According to Iroh, fire is the element of power.

Firebending abilities
Blazing rings and arcs: Spinning kicks or sweeping arm movements create rings and arcs to slice larger, more widely spaced, or evasive targets. Zuko used a circular motion with his feet to create an expanding ring and successfully knocked Azula down during their Agni Kai.



Blocking fire: A skilled firebender can defuse and extinguish an oncoming fire blast from another firebender with a swift kick, jab, or defensive movement, allowing them to stop attacks.

Fire blade: A more advanced version of a blazing arc, firebenders can narrow their fire arcs to create thin blades of fire that they can launch at their opponents. Azula used this technique when she cut open a wall. Zuko used this to free Azula from Katara's water whips.

Fire bomb: Considered a short range attack, a firebender can create a flame at the end of a limb, and thrust the flame down in an explosive burst. Zuko used this technique once, and both Zuko and Aang performed this at the beginning of their routine. Enhanced by the power of Sozin's Comet, Ozai used an extremely powerful variant of a fire bomb to break through Aang's earth shield.



Fire circle: A technique demonstrated by the Sun Warriors. They created a circle of fire and suspended it in the air for an extended period of time.

The only time these are seen, the circles were made with the Original Flame.

Fire daggers: Creating blowtorch-like jets from the fist or fingertips to use as close range sword-like attacks. However, these lack the ability to actually block physical objects. Prince Zuko used this technique, but it was only for a short time. It seems that he abandoned it by the middle of Book II: Earth, possibly because of its inefficiency. Korra was seen using this technique to free Tenzin and his family by cutting through the chains that bound them during the Equalist Victory Rally.

Fire lashes: An even further extension of the fire whip/stream, firebenders can create a long lash of fire, and bring them down on their enemies, like Azula did to Aang, or create smaller, multiple lashes and envelop an area with fire, like Zuko did.



Fire streams: Another basic firebending ability, firebenders can shoot continuous streams of fire from their fingertips, fists, palms, or legs. These streams can be widened to create flame-thrower like techniques. Fire Nation soldiers are often seen using this technique to damage or destroy villages or towns.

Fire whip: An extension of a fire stream, this continuous stream of flame can be utilized as a whip. The prison guards at the Boiling Rock used this to round up the prisoners during a lock down, and a trainer of the Fire Nation circus employed this technique to intimidate Appa. Zuko used a larger version of this in his fight in Ba Sing Se, creating streams of great length for continuous mid-to-long range combat and using it to counter Katara's water whip technique.

Fireballs or "Fire-jabs": A basic ability, jabs and punches produce miniature fireballs and missiles of flame. These can be charged up (refer to charged attacks) to create larger, slower bursts, or swiftly and repetitively fired to keep opponents off balance.

Heat control: Certain advanced firebenders appear to have the ability to control heat. Using this technique, firebenders can heat a wide range of liquids, like water or tea, heat metal to scalding temperatures, or melt ice. Controlling heat may be related to Sozin's Heat Absorption technique.

Shield of fire: This creates a protective fire shield around the front of, or the whole body of, a firebender that can deflect attacks and explosions. It may be a lesser version of the Wall of Flames.



The Dancing Dragon: This firebending form was learned from the sacred statues that were hidden atop the ancient civilization of the Sun Warriors. It involves a more fluid and natural form of firebending. It is a simple, yet possibly very powerful firebending form, as it also brings advantages for more skilled firebenders; upon integrating it into his own style, Zuko's abilities improved to the point that he was able to duel evenly with Azula, successfully dispelling her attacks instead of overcoming them or trying to endure them. It is also one of the few firebending techniques with defensive capabilities.

There is a circular nature to the technique, which is unusual in firebending; the only other known techniques to incorporate smooth, circular movements are the fire circle and lightning generation.

Firebending master level
Charged attacks: Certain firebenders have been shown charging their attacks before releasing them, allowing them to create enormous blasts of fire. Zuko and Iroh used a combined charged attack against Aang prior to their first encounter. Zhao may have charged some of his attacks before releasing them when he fought Aang. Azula used this skill against Aang while they were battling atop the drill. Zuko was shown using this technique against both Aang and Katara while fighting in the Crystal Catacombs. Iroh also used a charged fire blast against Dai Li agents in the same episode. During the Battle at Wulong Forest, using comet-enhanced firebending, Fire Lord Ozai and several Imperial Firebenders unleashed charged fire blasts of enormous size from airships in an attempt to carry out their scorched earth plan, and Ozai later used it again to break Aang's rock sphere during their battle. Iroh used a charged attack to destroy the Ba Sing Se's thick Outer Wall during the liberation of the city.



Fire augmentation: Firebenders can also control the size and intensity of any nearby flames and can draw them in to manipulate them at will. Zuko was the first one to show mastery over this technique, when he augmented the flame of the candles before him when his uncle brought him bad news. Avatar Roku used this method to protect himself and counter an attack by Zhao and his soldiers while Aang channeled his spirit. Jeong Jeong augmented the fire in his candles while he is discouraging Aang. When Azula scared Chan, the torch behind Azula also fell under her firebending, as it burned bright blue. Zuko augmented a campfire in the same episode while confronting his anger. A simpler example is when Fire Lords are in the throne room. When Ozai and Azulon got angry, the flames rose up higher and burned more rapidly. It was also evident when Azula was on the throne and the flames around her turned a dark blue. Another example was when Zuko was attacking Aang in Ozai's beach house, as he disintegrated flames Aang used to counter-attack.

Fire pinwheel: A whirling disk of flame, capable of being used at long range. Only Azula appeared to have the ability to create these while in pursuit of Aang in Omashu.



Jet propulsion: Skilled firebending masters are able to conjure huge amounts of flame to propel themselves at high speeds on the ground or through the air. It was first demonstrated by Azula during her battle with Aang in the Crystal Catacombs. During the fight, Azula released the flames she used to propel herself horizontally, which blasted Aang backwards. Azula used this skill to propel herself through the air over the boiling lake, as she was pursuing Zuko, Sokka and Suki when they were escaping the prison. When Azula was knocked off an airship, she used a smaller burst of fire to propel herself on to a cliff, saving herself from falling to her death. Ozai and Jeong Jeong were capable of utilizing this skill with much more proficiency than Azula had ever shown. Though it has only ever been for short periods of time due to the short lasting strength of firebenders. Azula and Zuko both executed this technique while powered by the comet during their Agni Kai. It was also used by General Iroh of the United Forces as he is shown flying throughout the air above Republic City while defending against Equalist planes. This technique can also be used to briefly run across a vertical surface as Mako and Korra did during an Equalist rally.

Pressure control: An advanced form of heat control, the firebender superheats the air around him or her, causing a rise in air pressure in small, enclosed areas which often has explosive implications. Zuko used this to escape Katara's ice dome.



Wall of flames: One of firebending's few defensive techniques, either a situated explosion or controlled inferno, this wall of concentrated flames acts as a barrier to incoming attacks. It may be a more powerful version of a fire shield. It not only protects against attacks, but when used right, can be used to stealthily escape from foes. Azula once used it to deflect four simultaneous attacks from all four elements to provide herself a stealthy escape. Zuko used it to stop a combustion attack (although he was still being pushed back by the force). Master Jeong Jeong also used this method to stop a group of Fire Navy patrol boats, so precise was his control that his flames burned on water. He later created another wall/shield to deflect four firebending attacks, and escaped from Zhao. Later on, Jeong Jeong used the technique to push back several Fire Nation tanks, which shows that it can also be an offensive move. It should be noted that at that instance his firebending was being powered by Sozin's Comet.

Avatar level firebending


Lava/magmabending: Avatar-level firebenders are able to bend lava and magma, although not with the same ease by which waterbenders bend water. They can even cause dormant volcanoes to erupt at will. This ability contrasts sharply with other types of firebending, as lava and magma are superheated physical substances, rather than a chemical reaction. This ability has only been demonstrated by Avatar Roku, Avatar Kyoshi and an unnamed Fire Nation Avatar. The manipulation of lava is a combination of earthbending and firebending, therefore firebenders or earthbenders alone are incapable of performing the technique; it can only be done by an Avatar.



Long-range multiple fire whips: An Avatar-level firebender can produce fire whips, the most being five at once. They are capable of reaching across long distances, displayed when Aang used the technique hundreds of feet above Ozai. This may have been a result of his firebending being augmented by Sozin's Comet, and/or because he was in the Avatar State at the time. Each fire whip is also very wide and moves in a similar fashion to squid or octopus tentacles. They have enough destructive power to demolish large rock formations. This could be the technique Shyu was referring to when he said that, "only a fully realized Avatar can open the sanctuary doors alone."

Special techniques


Blue fire: Only Azula has demonstrated blue firebending. While not to be confused with lightning, blue fire also seems to possess more physical force and produces a combustive effect that is more intense than that of normal fire. While blue fire is not the hottest fire that can be achieved, blue stars are the hottest, achieving temperatures greater than 33,000 Kelvin. When the two dragons unleashed a vortex of fire, several other colors of fire beyond the yellow, orange and blue flames previously seen could be seen within it, including white, purple, green, pink and red fire.



Breath of fire: The breath of fire involves the user firebending out of his or her mouth, mixing air from the lungs with the flame, creating a wider, hotter blast. This has been exhibited by multiple individuals, including Ozai, Iroh, Zuko, Azula, Aang, Mako, and Korra. It was the employment of this firebending style in the heat of battle that earned General Iroh the nickname, "The Dragon of the West". It is alluded that it was from Iroh that Zuko learned how to create his own breath of fire, though his was smaller and less intense, while Iroh's produced the force of a fire stream. With its wide, encompassing range, the technique allows for staving off multiple opponents and is also shown to be able to instantaneously warm the body even under frigid conditions. It is also useful for stealth, as it requires no hand motions and can thus be impossible to predict. Tea can also serve as a catalyst for this technique, as shown by Iroh.



Combustion: The unique, trademark ability of Combustion Man was his capability to ignite objects with his mind instead of traditional methods to produce and manipulate fire. Instead, Combustion Man concentrated his energy through his tattooed third eye to project a ray of heat which would detonate with great force, producing situated explosions with a great deal of precision. This technique is extremely effective and very destructive, capable of use at close and long-range; it can completely disintegrate hill-sized boulders and instantaneously evaporate large bodies of water with ease. He can also employ it to burn things without setting an explosion, similar to a lens focusing sunlight. This is probably due to the energy being entirely focused into creating the explosion, without wasting energy maintaining a long-range jet of flame. However, the technique has the potential to be just as hazardous to the user as it can be to their surroundings, as Combustion Man blew off his own right arm and leg due to his initial lack of control over the newly discovered ability in his youth. The sole weakness of the combustion ray is that it is heavily reliant on an uninterrupted flow of chi, as blocking the chi paths in the forehead from where the combustion beam issues forth causes potentially fatal backfires. Ironically, it was one of these backfires that ended up killing Combustion Man.



Heat redirection: Only seen performed by Fire Lord Sozin, the technique may be unique to him or simply an advanced technique. Heat absorption allows for the absorption of heat from one hand and passing through one's body and out the other hand. It was used to cool down the lava during the eruption that destroyed Roku's island. It appears to operate on a similar principle to Iroh's redirection of lightning technique.

Enhanced firebending


Due to its solar augmentation, firebending is slightly stronger during the day, being at its most powerful around noon. With an extraterrestrial heat source much closer to the planet than the sun, in particular Sozin's Comet, firebending is enhanced dramatically. A firebender under the effects of the comet can produce much larger, powerful flames, which create greater destruction and can extend much further than usual. Experienced firebenders can use the Comet's power to sustain flight, generate exceptionally powerful lightning bolts and perform other feats of firebending they would usually be incapable of.

Opposite bending art


Firebending is the opposing art to waterbending, though it shows many similar facets of self-control, great diversity, and variation in strength due to external forces and strong emotions. Firebenders use quick strong punches and kicks to shoot fire, while waterbenders use smooth movements and elegant turns and spins to return the momentum of the opponents' attacks. Firebenders attack first, while waterbenders wait and turn their target's attacks against them. However, in 170 ASC these differences are no longer as strong as in the centuries before. Many waterbenders of the United Republic of Nations, a new-founded country of the world have adapted a fighting style which is based primarily on sheer strength and speed. For example criminals, task force members and even council members like Tarrlok trying to defeat their opponents with surprising, aggressive first strikes, a typical tactic of firebenders. However, this new fighting style is mainly restricted to the waterbenders of the republic.



The two bending arts are also opposed by their celestial power source; firebending is fueled by the sun, waterbending by the moon. This is best demonstrated during a duel fought between Zuko and Katara; at night, during the full moon, Katara quickly battered Zuko into submission and froze him against a wall; however, at sunrise, Zuko effortlessly destroyed the ice holding him in place and defeated Katara with several short fire blasts.

Like all bending arts, firebending is balanced out as to not be more or less powerful than the other arts. It has repeatedly been illustrated that it is the skill and prowess of the user that determines victory.

Weapons
Firebenders sometimes incorporate weapons into firebending, such as Zuko's utilization of firebending in conjunction with his dual dao swords, shaping and channeling the flames down the blade of his weapons.

Lightning
Certain powerful firebenders are able to generate and manipulate lightning by separating the yin and yang energies. Lightning, also known as "the cold-blooded fire", is considered the most powerful firebending technique, and its use was available only to a select few firebending prodigies and masters. However, seventy years later, the art has evolved to a well-known skill and is known by enough people to make lightning generation a decently-paid job at a power plant in Republic City.

Some experienced firebenders are unable to generate lightning because they do not possess inner peace. If a firebender who harbors inner turmoil tries to generate lightning, it would only cause a miniature explosion. For example, Zuko was unable to because of his inner conflict with his father the Fire Lord and his sister Azula.



Lightning generation: Lightning generation is the ability to generate and direct lightning. It requires peace of mind and a complete absence of emotion. So far, only six named firebenders have demonstrated themselves as capable of this art: Iroh, Ozai, Azula, Mako, Lightning Bolt Zolt, and Zuko's grandson General Iroh. During Avatar Korra's lifetime, many other firebenders demonstrated the ability to generate lightning, particularly in creating energy for Republic City's power plant.

Lightning redirection: After observing the redirecting techniques of waterbending, Iroh developed a technique to redirect the course of lightning strikes by absorbing it through one arm, guiding it through the stomach, and out the other arm. Only Iroh, Aang, Zuko, and Mako have demonstrated the ability to redirect lightning.

Weaknesses
Extreme cold: Cold temperatures reduce a firebender's abilities; the prison on the Boiling Rock used insulated chambers, the coolers, and piped in cold air as a punishment for those prisoners who used firebending. While in disguise, Sokka was told by a guard that Chit Sang "won't be firebending in there". However, this can be overcome, as Zuko used his breath of fire to stay warm while he detached the cooler as part of Sokka's escape plan.

Lack of defense: The major combat weakness behind the applied art of firebending is its confrontational nature. Due to its aggressiveness and pursuit of continuous assault, it traditionally lacks basic defensive techniques, which can leave an inexperienced bender considerably vulnerable to enemy counterattacks, though masters such as Jeong Jeong can effectively use firebending for defense. It also consumes a vast amount of energy leaving the bender at a considerable disadvantage in a prolonged battle. A common mark of a firebending master is the ability to sustain attacks for long periods.



Lack of drive: In order to firebend properly, one must have "inner fire", his or her drive, without which one's firebending becomes weak. After joining the Avatar, Zuko's firebending became noticeably weaker, because for three years, hunting the Avatar was his drive. Aang, being traumatized by his first experience with firebending, was too afraid to "give it some juice", as said by Zuko. Both overcame their problems after meeting with the masters Ran and Shaw, who taught them the true meaning of firebending, restoring their drives.

Other circumstances: A firebender's power may decrease in any situation which might extinguish their flames, such as being underwater or caught in the rain. Zuko overcame this while underwater in the North Pole by melting ice by heating it with direct contact.

Poor breath control: According to Iroh, true firebending power comes not from physical size or strength, but rather from the very control of one's breath. This is first explained and shown by Iroh, a fat, squat man with no exceptional strength or physique, however this does not stop him from remaining one of the most powerful firebenders in the world. Firebender discipline stresses self-restraint and breath control as a means of directing and containing the fire manifested. Poor breath control means dangerously poor control of any fire generated. For this reason, breathing exercises are one of the most critical first steps for beginning firebenders.



Poor self-control: Though anger, rage and other intense emotions can amplify the power of firebending, it can lead to dangerous explosions or wildfires and can also cause any nearby flames to burn out of control. The enlightened firebending master Jeong Jeong repeatedly stressed this importance during his instruction of Aang, who accidentally burned Katara when he refused to listen, and a lack of self-control was demonstrated by Zhao during his fight with Aang.

Solar eclipse: Firebending's connection to the sun results in a lessening of strength during the night and a complete loss of firebending during a solar eclipse.

Elemental symbol


The symbol for fire and firebending is a stylized, tulip-shaped flame forked into three tongues that curve outward like flower petals, with a spiral at the base. The symbol is featured in connection with Fire Nation spirituality.

Spirituality and firebending
At 0 ASC, Fire Lord Sozin launched a genocidal attack on the Air Nomads, succeeding in part due to the power granted him by a passing comet. Over the course of a century, the war has continued, and under the rule of Sozin's grandson, Fire Lord Ozai, the Fire Nation saw the return of "Sozin's Comet." As prophesied, the comet's immense energy granted Ozai the power to conquer the entire world. The only threat to Ozai's campaign was the Avatar, Aang. Aang succeeded in his quest to defeat the Fire Lord, and he satisfied his spiritual needs by not taking Ozai's life but simply by removing his ability to firebend.



The Fire Nation's religious clerics, the Fire Sages, once served Avatar Roku, but they were eventually forced to endorse the imperial war. Fire Sage Shyu was the only Fire Sage to remain true to his allegiance to the Avatar, a trait he inherited from his father and grandfather.

A firebender's powers seem to increase during the day in the presence of the sun. Because of this solar sympathy, their powers are weakened at night and a solar eclipse can temporarily negate their powers entirely, much like waterbenders' powers are negated during a lunar eclipse. Aside from their main power source, the sun, firebenders also draw their energy from other heat sources, including volcanic activity, lightning, and passing comets, if they somehow become a heat source, such as Sozin's Comet, which ignites when it brushes the atmosphere. A firebender's power is intensified in warmer climates and is at its peak when situated near their native equatorial homelands during the summer.

Firebending's distinctiveness is in its uncontrolled nature; fire, if left to itself, will consume everything it can. Firebending is thus a matter of controlling an element rather than directing it. Many firebenders are intoxicated by their power, while more prudent ones feel cursed by it, much like Jeong Jeong. However, its roots and nature are fully explored by Ran and Shaw and the Sun Warriors; properly controlled, fire is life and industry, comforting and creative.

Agni Kai


Among firebenders, or at least those of the upper-class, disputes of honor are settled by a challenge to an Agni Kai, or "fire duel", a traditional firebender duel that is centuries old. Such a duel is conducted in an open-air arena, and it may be witnessed by spectators. The traditional time for an Agni Kai is sunset or sunrise, although it is not a requirement. While not an explicit condition, in the post-Sozin Fire Nation, Agni Kai have become almost exclusively duels to the death. The victor may spare the defeated, but it is generally looked upon as an act of weakness rather than generosity. The duel is traditionally fought bare-chested and the contestants may have one or more "seconds", i.e. people who stand around in that person's corner of the field and may attend to their champion before and after the duel, or bear them away in case they die fighting. The opening pose of an Agni Kai is squatting with back turned to the opponent. During this phase, both contestants traditionally wear a red-and-black shawl over their bare shoulders, which is dropped upon turning to face each other. It is considered dishonorable to attack from behind in an Agni Kai, especially for a defeated opponent who has been spared by the victor. Notable Agni Kais include Zuko's first public Agni Kai, against his father, the Agni Kai between Zuko and Zhao, and most notably the Comet-Enhanced Agni Kai between Zuko and Azula, which was fought for the right to the throne.

The Last Airbender
When giving his input on firebenders in the, said that he made the choice to have the firebenders in the film only be able to control pre-existing fire, so as to avoid them being 'overpowered'. However, this puts firebenders at a great disadvantage when in the Northern Water Tribe, it would also make an Agni Kai quite difficult.

It was stated at the end of the film that the power of Sozin's Comet is required for all firebenders to be able to generate fire "from their own chi", just like the "Highest of firebenders", like was in the movie. Thus, when the Fire Nation begins invading a city or town, they bombard it with fire balls so as to set fires, and give their firebenders a source. Only the most skilled firebenders have the ability to create fire from nothing but their own chi; they also show the ability to be unharmed by fire.

Connection
Firebending moves are based mainly on the Northern Shaolin style of kung fu, but with a few techniques from Northern Seven Star Praying Mantis. These martial art variants feature quick, successive attacks that utilize momentary bursts of extreme power, much like an explosion, called ging lik. It optimizes a strong continuous offense, sacrificing defense for greater power, the principle behind a pre-emptive strike, and as such, firebending is categorized as the most aggressive of the four bending arts.

As noted in Avatar Extras bonus commentary for "The Siege of the North, Part 2", close quarters firebending and distanced firebending combat use completely different styles of firebending. Particular examples of such styles include:


 * Tae Kwon Do - is particularly used in close-ranges, utilizing strong kicks and quick punches.
 * Southern Dragon Claw - mirrors a dragon swooping down on its prey. The form contains close-range techniques for seizing and holding that make use of the hand.
 * Xing Yi - blends strikes from the classic "Seven Stars": hands, feet, elbows, hips, knees, shoulders and head.

Trivia

 * Based on the Chinese text of Jeong Jeong's wanted poster, the word "firebending" is written as 制火朮, which is directly translated as "the technique of creating fire".
 * Iroh and Mako are the only known characters with the ability to both generate and redirect lightning.
 * The firebending salute is meant to look like a flame.
 * Even after the Hundred Year War, firebenders have a reputation of violence, as Bolin, Mako, Hiroshi and Asami Sato have lost a family member at the hands of a firebender. Amon was able to use this fact as a way of gaining trust from Republic City's non-benders, claiming that a firebender had killed his family.
 * Zuko's fire daggers are inspired by the Bak Sil Lum double dagger form.

Notable firebenders

 * † indicates deceased during the series.
 * G indicates the capability to generate lightning.
 * R indicates the capability to redirect lightning.