Ba Sing Se

Ba Sing Se is the massive capital of the Earth Kingdom, where it encompasses nearly all of the northeastern corner of the kingdom. After the fall of Omashu it was the last great Earth Kingdom stronghold.

The city is by far the largest in the World of Avatar, essentially being more of a small country than a mere city. Ba Sing Se means "Impenetrable City;" the city is so named for its world-famous walls, the gates of which have no hinges or other hardware, and are opened by use of Earthbending. Within the Outer Wall lies a large expanse of farmland, Lake Laogai, and several mountains. The Inner Wall encloses the city itself. The city is also notable for having a unique system of walls dividing the populace into different parts of the city based on social status.

Ba Sing Se was the safest place for refugees displaced by the War because of the Fire Nation's failure to penetrate its walls. However, it was eventually captured by the Fire Nation in the Coup of Ba Sing Se. The city was later liberated by the Order of the White Lotus in the final battle of the War.

History
Ba Sing Se is arguably one of the oldest settlements in the world. A five-thousand year old map to Ba Sing Se was found in Wan Shi Tong's spirit library, which suggests the city is at least that old. Early in its history, Ba Sing Se was a small subterranean city carved out of rocks by Earthbenders. As the benders excavated further, they came across beautiful illuminated crystals and began to mine them. The crystals currently serve as a common light source for Earth Kingdom inhabitants. Eventually, as the metropolis' expansion reached above-ground levels, the catacombs were abandoned. The city continued to grow and eventually became the capital of the newly-unified Earth Kingdom. Ba Sing Se is by far the largest city in the world. Unfortunately no figures are given for its population.

Ba Sing Se has been hailed as the greatest fortress in any of the four nations, having remained unconquered for centuries prior to the War. For example, when the infamous warlord Chin the Conqueror invaded the entire Earth Kingdom, Ba Sing Se was the only territory besides the Kyoshi Peninsula to remain free. Apparently, Chin would rather face the Avatar herself than try his luck at the Great Wall of Ba Sing Se.

After Chin's death, a peasant uprising occurred. Peasants felt that the 46th Earth King's role was outdated and that he did not represent their interests. Avatar Kyoshi solved the problem with the creation of the Dai Li.



The city's Outer Wall had only been breached on three occasions: The first was by Fire Nation military forces led by General Iroh, the legendary "Dragon of the West". This attack, a part of his 600-day siege of the city, was quickly driven back by the city’s guardian forces after he was disheartened by the death of his son, Lu Ten. Years later, the Fire Nation used a great drill to bore through the Outer Wall, but Aang and his friends stopped the machine before the army could take advantage of the hole. By the end of the Season 2 finale, Ba Sing Se had fallen to the hands of the Fire Nation through an internal coup d'état led by Princess Azula. Finally in the series finale the walls were again breached by Iroh, this time leading the Order of the White Lotus, using a colossal fire blast strengthened by Sozin's Comet.

Prior to Team Avatar's arrival at the city, the Earth King had become a figurehead as Long Feng took control of the Dai Li and built a conspiracy within the walls of Ba Sing Se. On the surface, the city was a safe haven against the Fire Nation, but beneath it lay subtle corruption by Long Feng and the Dai Li.

Fall of Ba Sing Se


Princess Azula and her allies, Mai and Ty Lee, disguised themselves as Kyoshi Warriors in order to enter Ba Sing Se as the Earth King's honored guests. Azula allowed her and her allies' identities to be uncovered by the Dai Li, who forcefully took her to speak with Long Feng. The two allied with each other in order to stage a coup against the Earth King and the Council of Five. Azula took command of the Dai Li and coordinated the simultaneous capture of the Earth King and the Council of Five, gaining control over the city. Long Feng was in turn released from his prison cell. He attempted to double-cross Azula, but without the support of the Dai Li, he failed and submitted. By the following summer, the city was firmly controlled by Fire Nation forces, who gained access to the city as the Dai Li tore down large sections of the Outer and Inner Walls. The citizens could only look on in horror as the Fire Nation Army flooded into the city.

Recapture
During the four part finale, the Order of the White Lotus attacked and liberated the city from the Fire Nation. Iroh personally burned away the Fire Nation banner that was hanging over the front of the Royal Palace. After Zuko was crowned Fire Lord, Team Avatar celebrated their victory at the Jasmine Dragon Tea Shop. Earth King Kuei has since returned to Ba Sing Se to re-assume his throne and control of the newly-liberated Earth Kingdom.

Government


As the capital of the Earth Kingdom, Ba Sing Se was home to the Earth King, ruler of the Earth Kingdom. However, after the death of the 51st Earth King, true power in the city belonged to the city's Grand Secretariat, Long Feng. As Head of the Dai Li, he enforced strict laws within the city, designed to keep him in power and keep knowledge of the war from the King. It was absolutely forbidden to mention the war with the Fire Nation within the city, and those who did were arrested and re-educated in secret Dai Li facilities to believe that the war did not exist. According to Long Feng, his measures were necessary to maintain Ba Sing Se's cultural heritage and to ensure that the city remained a thriving utopia. In truth, however, they were merely tools used to uphold his totalitarian government.

Though the Earth King had Long Feng arrested Long Feng allied himself with Azula to engineer a coup d'état. He was then betrayed by his own Dai Li and ultimately surrendered the city to the Princess of the Fire Nation.

The position of the Earth King was abolished after the Fire Nation took control of the city, sending Earth King Kuei into exile. He was replaced with Joo Dee, a puppet ruler with the title "Supreme Bureaucratic Administrator of Ba Sing Se." The Earth King position was reestablished when Earth King Kuei returned from his exile after the city was liberated.

Royal Earthbender Guards


The Royal Earthbender Guards of Ba Sing Se serve as personal protectors of the Earth King. They wear dark green armor with a green plume on the top and are not affiliated with the Dai Li or the military. They are seen guarding the Royal Palace and acting as the gate keepers of the outer and inner walls of Ba Sing Se. Their weapons include surface-to-surface or surface-to-air rocks against intruders, which they displayed when Team Avatar was storming the Royal Palace.

Terra Team


The Terra Team is platoon of elite Earthbenders that guard the walls of Ba Sing Se, and are commanded by General Sung. The Terra Team was ordered to destroy the Fire Nation drill, but were disabled by Mai and Ty Lee. Their name is influenced by the Latin word "Terra", literally meaning "earth," and the English word Terror, meaning "intense fear or anxiety."

Dai Li
The Dai Li are an elite organization of Earthbenders and the secret police of Ba Sing Se who work to capture, interrogate, and imprison political dissidents. They were created by Avatar Kyoshi hundreds of years ago, with the aim of "protecting the cultural heritage of Ba Sing Se." Instead, through the careful political manipulation of Long Feng, they became the illegitimate governing force of Ba Sing Se.

The Dai Li later abandoned their loyalty to the Earth Kingdom and Long Feng, and pledged loyalty to Princess Azula of the Fire Nation after she took control of Ba Sing Se. They are the only known force of Earthbenders to declare loyalty to the Fire Nation. It is unknown what became of them after the war.

Culture
Law and order are maintained under the strictest of police forces to ensure that society does not break down into chaos. The people of Ba Sing Se have a variety of recreational activities available to them including spas, poetry houses, shops, restaurants, and the Ba Sing Se Zoo. Tea-drinking is one of the most common ways citizens relax after work, while strolls around the parks and shops of the Middle Ring are also enjoyed. Earthbenders are highly valued, and operate many civic projects, from the monorail system to the city's gates. The University provides higher education, though due to the city's segregation, it is unknown whether anyone from the Lower Ring could attend it.

The architecture of Ba Sing Se is slightly different from many other towns. The majority of the buildings are made of stone, with wood supports and plaster covering the outside. The color of roofing tiles on buildings indicate their prestige and vary by ring - Lower Ring buildings have black or dark green tiles, Middle Ring buildings have vibrant green, and the Upper Ring nobility uses yellow tiles as a sign of class. Earth Kingdom symbols are often placed on gates, government buildings, and military sites. Roads in the Middle and Upper rings are made of flagstones, while the Lower Ring has muddy dirt paths for most of its streets and alleys. The citizens of Ba Sing Se sport considerably more color variation in their clothing than citizens from other locations--blues, turquoises, browns, and golds can all be seen among the aristocracy, while the lower class usually wears browns and off-whites.

The city is divided into various levels based on social class, with the poor and refugees living in ghettos walled off from the rest of the city. Society is heavily controlled, and the war is not allowed to be mentioned inside the walls. This is meant to maintain order and the cultural heritage of the city, making it the only remaining "Utopian" society in the world. The people of the city consider it impenetrable, and thus they often delude themselves into pretending all is fine in the rest of the Kingdom. Those who attempt to disrupt this fantasy are promptly brainwashed by the Dai Li into believing that the war doesn't exist.

Layout
Ba Sing Se is a divided city, with inhabitants sorted in various walled "rings" based on economic and social class. These range from the Lower Ring, a place of ghettos inhabited by refugees and the poor, to the Upper Ring, home of the Kingdom's ruling classes and the rich. Travel throughout the city, in addition to entering and exiting it, is provided by large, Earthbending powered monorails, constructed during the reign of Earth King Yi Ming. The monorails meet in large transit stations, are free to the general public, and are able to greatly shorten the two full days it would take to travel on foot from one end of the city to the other. Citizens are free to travel between the Agrarian Zone, the Lower Ring, and the Middle Ring. The Upper Ring is restricted to citizens with the personal invitation of a citizen of the Upper Ring, the government, or the Earth King himself.

Outer Walls
At one-hundred meters tall, Ba Sing Se's outer wall is the city's thickest layer of protection. This makes it the largest man-made structure in the world. The wall encircles all of Ba Sing Se, along with the vast agrarian zone and a medium-sized lake. It is considered indestructible and is commonly drawn on maps as a terrain feature. In fact, it has only been breached three times: twice by General Iroh, and once by the Fire Nation drill. The Dai Li mandates that soldiers and sentries be placed on the wall at all times, with many of them living in built-in homes inside the wall. After the Coup of Ba Sing Se, Dai Li agents tore a hole in the wall to allow Fire Nation soldiers through. The tear had not been repaired by the time the Order of the White Lotus attacked, and apparently the wall was not being monitored at the time.

Agrarian Zone


Just outside the lower ring, between the outer wall and the inner wall of the city is the agrarian zone, a large underdeveloped area that holds wide open plains of land, used mainly for agricultural purposes. Along with its vital wildlife and crops resources, the agrarian zone functions as a massive land buffer between the outer wall and the inner wall, where all of the Ba Sing Se residents dwell, widening the gap between invaders and citizens if perchance the outer wall was ever breached. This area in the city houses many farms belonging to citizens, mostly of the Lower Ring, who live behind the Inner Wall and travel outside to tend to the land every day.

The Agrarian Zone served as a station for Earthbender rebellions following Ba Sing Se's capture. The Order of the White Lotus had a camp here prior to the arrival of Sozin's Comet. The Agrarian Zone is also the location of the new Ba Sing Se Zoo.

Lower Ring


The Lower Ring is home to the poor classes of Ba Sing Se's society and the majority of its population. These consist of newcomers to the city, including its multitude of refugees, and people who work with their hands' such as artisans, laborers, and craftsman. Due to the impoverished state of the citizens of the Lower Ring, as well as the influx of refugees, it is implied that the crime rate is significantly higher. The Lower Ring is also the most densely populated area of Ba Sing Se. Buildings in the Lower Ring are generally small, because the Lower Ring houses the majority of the populace, and many people need to be crammed into the space available. The roofs of most buildings here are brown tiled, indicating the poor status of the owners. "Lower Ring" is written in Chinese as 下環.

Middle Ring


The Middle Ring of Ba Sing Se contains the city's middle-class populace. Inside this ring are a vast assortment of shops and restaurants as well as the financial district and Town Hall, one of the oldest buildings in the Middle Ring. Ba Sing Se University, a massive warehouse of knowledge and a key landmark of the city, is also located in this area. The buildings of this Ring are larger than those of the Lower Ring, and the roofs are tiled green. It has a generally richer and more peaceful atmosphere than the Lower Ring, and there are many flowers and trees. Citizens of the Middle Ring are free to enter the Agrarian Zone, Lower Ring, Middle Ring and the Upper Ring without needing permission. "Middle Ring" is written in Chinese as 中環.

Upper Ring


The richest of the three rings, the Upper Ring contains the city's upper class population, as well as military and government officials. The most important citizens of the city reside here, protected against criminal activity by the presence of the Dai Li. The Royal Palace is located in the center of the Upper Ring, within its own walls. Aang, Katara, Sokka, and Toph received a home positioned in the Upper Ring. The buildings of the Upper Ring are generally huge walled compounds, much like small versions of the Earth Kingdom Royal Palace itself, and the roofs are done with yellow tiles to symbolize the richness of the building and its owners. Upper Ring Citizens are free to go wherever they please within Ba Sing Se. "Upper Ring" is written in Chinese as 上環.

Fighting Cliffs
South of Ba Sing Se, the fighting cliffs, one white and the other red, face each other with a wide ravine between them. Early Earth Kingdom natives noticed that the ground of the ravine was charred and black, and legend holds that the cliffs were created in an ancient battle between Earthbenders and Firebenders, the conflict being so awesome that the very ground they fought on soaked up their power and animosity. The cliffs are currently mined for "spark rocks," small stones used by Earth Kingdom citizens to start fires.

Council's War Room


The Council's War Room is a large room located in the Upper Ring of Ba Sing Se where the Council of Five meets to discuss war plans before sending them to the Earth King for final approval. Prior to the Earth King's revelation regarding the war, the Generals would send their plans to Grand Secretariat Long Feng for approval. On the floor of the room is a large map of the world, with colored stone tokens spread across it to represent military units. The Generals move these tokens around with Earthbending to deduce the most effective battle strategies. It is here where General How and the others made the decision to use General Fong's base as the launching point for the Fire Nation invasion.

Crystal Catacombs of Old Ba Sing Se


Underneath the palace, and possibly much of the city, lies Old Ba Sing Se, an ancient underground city deep within the earth. These catacombs are the remnants of the first settlement in the area, carved underground by Earthbenders. As the old city spread to the surface, the caverns were abandoned and eventually buried beneath the new city. Inside the interior of Old Ba Sing Se still lie ancient stone structures, a waterfall and pool, and the luminescent green crystals that gave Ba Sing Se its fame.

Firelight Fountain
Located in the Lower Ring, the Firelight Fountain is popular with citizens who come to feed the turtle ducks in the day, and considered by Jin to be the most romantic spot in town at night. Jin's mom and dad snuck out to meet here as teenagers, and Jin took Zuko here at the end of their date.

The fountain is encircled by lanterns that brighten the entire area. There is a stone structure in the middle with a top center lamp and a lower level of lamps, and lanterns floating in the water.

Ba Sing Se Zoo


Ba Sing Se Zoo was originally located in the city, but was moved by Aang to the Agrarian Zone. It is managed by Kenji.

When Aang was traveling through Ba Sing Se, he saw a variety of animals who seemed miserable in their cages. When Aang saw Kenji, the zookeeper, Kenji said the zoo was no longer receiving funds from the Dai Li because it was no longer popular with children, and it was no longer popular with children because he couldn't get any funding. After some degree of chaos, the animals were relocated to the zoo's new location.

Middle Ring restaurant
Located in the Middle Ring, this "hidden jewel" may never rise above its "B" rating to attract the oval-ring set, but is considered a "charming," "reasonably priced" place with "real bistro atmosphere," and a "rare find" popular with the Ba Sing Se and Spa University sets. The Middle Ring restaurant offers a "Tourist Menu" and an "unbelievably complex" fried appetizer sampler platter. Jin took Zuko here for dinner on their date.

Food resource
Ba Sing Se's greatest secret to its staying power in the war is the farmland behind its outer wall. These fields supply the entire city with food to enable them to survive a siege of any duration, so long as the outer wall remains intact, and, due to Earthbending, can be quickly repaired. It was apparently breached during Iroh's siege, however, the city survived, as the siege broke shortly thereafter. A small fraction of food in Ba Sing Se comes from the butcher shops within the city.

Real life references
Ba Sing Se's design is likely based on Beijing, China, in that there are several inner districts which host each separate social class, with the Royal Palace area being based upon the Forbidden City, and each outer district being reserved for each respective class in an organized class system. The Great Wall of China's size and scale may have been an inspiration to the design of the Outer Wall.

Apart from this, the fact that Ba Sing Se was ruled by Long Feng and his Dai Li secret police could be a reference to various countries, such as North Korea and parts of China. The idea of a self-sustaining, self-contained city with a strict authoritarian state could be a reference to Singapore.

Ba Sing Se could also be a reference to Constantinople, which was known for its autocratic leadership, massive size and huge population. During the coup, its walls stood like the walls of Constantinople. Both cities were also packed with refugees during major wars. The two cities also boasted nearly impregnable walls that thwarted all invaders.

Also, Ba Sing Se could have been slightly inspired from ancient Mesopotamia, where a wall surrounded the city, and other walls divided it inside.

Trivia

 * The Earth King's palace in Ba Sing Se resembles the Forbidden City of China.
 * The walls of Ba Sing Se have only been penetrated once, by the Dragon of the West (Iroh) during his six hundred day siege. According to General Sung, "they were quickly expunged," usually meaning that all references were removed from the "record" of an event, as opposed to "expelled", which is being physically removed from a place.
 * At the arrival station where Zuko and Iroh got their passports stamped is a large sign above that says 歡迎光臨永固城 which translates as "Welcome to Ba Sing Se." Ba Sing Se (永固城) means 'perpetually strong city,' not impenetrable city as General Sung stated. The words also appear in front of the word University (永固城大學) at the entrance of the school seen in City of Walls and Secrets.
 * Members of the audience who are Chinese may understand the meaning of the Chinese words that appear in various places in the animation. However, few viewers could figure out what "Ba Sing Se" actually implies. According to the pronunciation of Cantonese, a provincial speech in China, "Ba Sing Se" should be translated into "不碎城". People who know the Chinese language would roughly recognize that "不碎" has the same meaning as "永固". That is to say, "不會碎裂" is a synonym of "永遠穩固". Therefore, it is also an alternative that "Ba Sing Se" can be translated into "永固城".
 * Ba Sing Se's walls are so massive that they are considered a geological feature and show up on all world maps.
 * Ba Sing Se is so large that it takes up most of the north-eastern Earth Kingdom.
 * Ba Sing Se's division of social level by the inner and outer rings could be a reference to the inner and outer courts, inner being more exclusive, in the Forbidden City, or the same inner and outer rings used to divide many ancient Chinese cities.
 * The physical appearance of the wall is based on the Great Wall of China. It also serves a similar purpose, as the Great Wall of China was used to keep the Mongols out, and the Outer Wall is used to keep intruders out.
 * Admiral Zhao planned to take over Ba Sing Se by summer's end, but it never happened because of Zhao perishing during the Northern Water Tribe invasion.
 * Besides Kyoshi Island, Ba Sing Se is the only place in the Earth Kingdom that wasn't conquered by Chin the Great.
 * Toph appeared to have disliked going to Ba Sing Se, likely because it reminded her of her own home: A place sheltered by rules, regulation, and control.
 * Ba Sing Se was run similarly to that of North Korea in the sense that an iron shield is placed around Ba Sing Se controlling all of its citizens with absolute control. It also resembles North Korea in the sense that visitors are accompanied by one or two tour guides.

Notable figures

 * The Earth King
 * Long Feng
 * The Dai Li
 * General How
 * General Sung
 * Joo Dee
 * Madame Macmu-Ling
 * Quon
 * Star
 * Pao
 * Jin
 * Kenji
 * Cabbage Merchant